In chemistry, a multistep synthesis is a chemical strategy for creating a chemical compound by using multiple chemical reactions to convert one set of starting materials into the desired final compound. This approach is often used when the desired compound cannot be synthesized in a single step or when it is more efficient to synthesize the compound through multiple steps. Multistep syntheses often involve several different types of chemical reactions, such as organic reactions, inorganic reactions, and polymerization reactions. By carefully planning the sequence of reactions, chemists can synthesize complex compounds in a controlled and efficient manner. Multistep syntheses are an important tool in the field of synthetic chemistry, as they allow chemists to create a wide range of compounds for a variety of applications.
In flow chemistry, each step of the synthesis would be carried out in a separate flow reactor, with the reactants from one step being continuously flowed into the next reactor to undergo the next reaction in the sequence.Multistep synthesis
Examples of published literature for Multistep synthesis
Scale-up and Optimization of a Continuous Flow Synthesis of an α-Thio-β-chloroacrylamide
Olga C. Dennehy1, Denis Lynch1, Stuart G. Collins1*, Anita R. Maguire2*, Humphrey A. Moynihan1*
View abstract
- 1School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland.
- 2School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
In-Line Purification: A Key Component to Facilitate Drug Synthesis and Process Development in Medicinal Chemistry
Nopphon Weeranoppanant1, 2, Andrea Adamo3
View abstract
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, 169 Longhard Bangsaen Road, Muang, Chonburi 02131, Thailand
- 2School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210 Thailand
- 3Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
Synthetic Route Design of AZD4635, an A2AR Antagonist
Mairi M. Littleson *†, Andrew D. Campbell †, Adam Clarke †, Mark Dow †, Gareth Ensor †, Matthew C. Evans †, Adam Herring †,Bethany A. Jackson †, Lucinda V. Jackson †, Staffan Karlsson ‡, David J. Klauber †, Danny H. Legg §, Kevin W. Leslie †, Štefan Moravcí̌k ‡, Chris D. Parsons §, Thomas O. Ronson †, Rebecca E. Meadows †
View abstract
- † Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, SK10 2NA, Macclesfield, U.K.
- ‡ Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
- § Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, SK10 2NA, Macclesfield, U.K.
A Novel and Efficient Continuous-Flow Route To Prepare Trifluoromethylated N‑Fused Heterocycles for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Lara Amini-Rentsch1,2, Ennio Vanoli2, Sylvia Richard-Bildstein1, Roger Marti2, Gianvito Vilé1
View abstract
- 1 Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Chemistry Technologies & Lead Discovery, Department of Drug Discovery Chemistry, Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- 2 University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Haute Ecole d’Ingénierie et d’Architecture de Fribourg, Institute of Chemical Technology, 80 boulevard de Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
Definitive screening designs for multistep kinetic models in flow
Christopher A. Honea, Alistair Boydb, Anne O’Kearney-McMullanb, Richard A. Bournea*, Frans L. Mullera*
View abstract
- a Institute of Process Research and Development (iPRD), School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- b Global Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK, SK10 2NA, UK
Continuous Flow Synthesis of Highly Substituted Tetrahydrofurans
Patrick Hoffmeyer, Christoph Schneider
View abstract
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D, ‐04103 Leipzig Germany
A Consolidated and Continuous Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin from a Vinylogous Cyclopropyl Amide
N. Perrer Tosso, Bimbisar K. Desai, Eliseu De Oliveira, Juekun Wen, John Tomlin, and B. Frank Gupton*
View abstract
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
A Continuous Flow Strategy for the Facile Synthesis and Elaboration of Semi‐Saturated Heterobicyclic Fragments
Nicola Luise, Eleanor Wyatt, Gary Tarver, Paul Graham Wyatt
View abstract
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, DD1 5EH Dundee, UNITED KINGDOM
Using Carbon Dioxide as a Building Block in Continuous Flow Synthesis
Hyowon Seo, Long V. Nguyen, Timothy F. Jamison
View abstract
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
A Convergent Continuous Multistep Process for the Preparation of C4-Oxime-Substituted Thiazoles
Edouard Godineau *†, Claudio Battilocchio †‡, Matthias Lehmann †, Steven V. Ley †, Ricardo Labes ‡, Letitia Birnoschi ‡, Srinivas Subramanian §, C.S Prasanna § , Amol Gorde §, Mahesh Kalbagh §, Vivek Khade §, Anton Scherrer †, Anthony C. O’Sullivan †
View abstract
- † Syngenta Crop Protection, Process Research, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332, Switzerland
- ‡ Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK
- § Syngenta Research and Technology Centre, Santa Monica Works, Corlim, Goa India, 403110
Multistep Continuous-Flow Processes for the Preparation of Heterocyclic Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Romaric Gérardy, Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
View abstract
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
A combination of flow and batch mode processes for the efficient preparation of mGlu2/3 receptor negative allosteric modulators (NAMs)
Raveendra Panickar Dhanya, Ananda Herath, Douglas J. Sheffler, Nicholas D.P. Cosford
View abstract
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
A concise flow synthesis of indole-3-carboxylic ester and its derivatisation to an auxin mimic
Marcus Baumann, Ian R. Baxendale and Fabien Deplante
View abstract
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Sustainable flow synthesis of a versatile cyclopentenone building block
Marcus Baumann†, Ian R. Baxendale†, Paolo Filipponi‡, Te Hu†
View abstract
- † Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, U.K
- ‡ Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
Telescoped continuous flow generation of a library of highly substituted 3-thio-1,2,4-triazoles.
Mariana C. F. C. B. Damiãoa, Renan Galavernaa, Alan P. Kozikowskib, James Eubanksc, Julio C. Pastrea
View abstract
- a Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6154 - Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- b StarWise Therapeutics LLC - University Research Park – Zip Code 53719-1235, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- c Division of Genetics and Development - Krembil Research Institute – Zip Code M5T 2S8, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Continuous preparation and use of dibromoformaldoxime as a reactive intermediate for the synthesis of 3- bromoisoxazolines
Claudio Battilocchioa*, Francesco Bosicaa, Sam M. Rowea, Bruna L. Abreua, Edouard Godineaub*, Matthias Lehmannb, Steven V. Leya
View abstract
- a Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- b Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
Flow assisted synthesis: a key fragment of SR 142948A
Matthew Oliver Kitching, Olivia E Dixon, Marcus Baumann, Ian Richard Baxendale
View abstract
- University of Durham, Chemistry, Durham, UK
Automating multistep flow synthesis: approach and challenges in integrating chemistry, machines and logic
Chinmay A. Shukla1,2, Amol A. Kulkarni1,2
View abstract
- 1 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- 2 Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
Continuous-flow synthesis of highly functionalized imidazo-oxadiazoles facilitated by microfluidic extraction
Ananda Herath, Nicholas D. P. Cosford
View abstract
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Photodecarboxylations in an advanced meso-scale continuous flow photoreactor
Sam Josland1, Saira Mumtaz2, Michael Oelgemöller2 *
View abstract
- 1 University of Southampton, Department of Chemistry, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- 2 James Cook University, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
A Short Multi-step Flow Synthesis of a Potential Spirocyclic Fragrance Component
Ian R. Baxendale*
View abstract
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
The development of a short route to the API ropinirole hydrochloride
Zeshan Yousufa, Andrew K. Richardsb, Andrew N. Dwyerc, Bruno Linclaua, David C. Harrowven* a
View abstract
- a Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
- b GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
- c Formally at GlaxoSmithKline Innovation and Sustainable Manufacturing COE, Worthing, UK
Chemical Assembly Systems: Layered Control for Divergent, Continuous, Multistep Syntheses of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Dr. Diego Ghislieri, Dr. Kerry Gilmore, Prof. Dr. Peter H. Seeberger*
View abstract
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Universität Berlin, Germany
A Concise Flow Synthesis of Efavirenz
Dr. Camille A. Correia1, Dr. Kerry Gilmore1, Prof. Dr. D. Tyler McQuade3, Prof. Dr. Peter H. Seeberger1 2 *
View abstract
- 1 Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam (Germany)
- 2 Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
- 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 (USA)
Flow synthesis of organic azides and the multistep synthesis of imines and amines using a new monolithic triphenylphosphine reagent
Catherine J. Smith, Christopher D. Smith, Nikzad Nikbin, Steven V. Ley, Ian R. Baxendale
View abstract
- Innovative Technology Centre, Cambridge, UK
Multistep Flow Synthesis of 5-Amino-2-aryl-2H-[1,2,3]-triazole-4-carbonitriles
YDr. Jérôme Jacq, Dr. Patrick Pasau*
View abstract
- UCB Biopharma, Avenue de l'Industrie, 1420 Braine l'Alleud (Belgium)
Continuous Flow Synthesis of Thieno[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5(4H)-one Scaffold: A Valuable Source of PARP-1 Inhibitors
Paolo Filipponi†, Carmine Ostacolo‡, Ettore Novellino‡, Roberto Pellicciari†§, Antimo Gioiello*†
View abstract
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy §TES Pharma S.r.l., Corciano (Perugia), Italy
Integration of enabling methods for the automated flow preparation of piperazine-2-carboxamide
Richard J. Ingham1, Claudio Battilocchio1, Joel M. Hawkins2, Steven V. Ley1
View abstract
- 1 Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
- 2 Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
Applying Flow Chemistry: Methods, Materials, and Multistep Synthesis
D. Tyler McQuade1 3, Peter H. Seeberger1 2
View abstract
- 1 Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 2 Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin,
- 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University
Synthesis of RAFT Block Copolymers in a Multi-Stage Continuous Flow Process Inside a Tubular Reactor
Christian H. Hornung, Xuan Nguyen, Stella Kyi, John Chiefari, Simon Saubern
View abstract
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Victoria, Australia.
An expeditious synthesis of imatinib and analogues utilising flow chemistry methods
Mark D Hopkin, Ian Baxendale, Steven.V.Ley
View abstract
- Dept of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
A Multi-Step Continuous Flow Process for the N-Demethylation of Alkaloids
Yuji Nakano1, G. Paul Savage1, Simon Saubern1, Peter J. Scammells2, Anastasios Polyzos1
View abstract
- 1 CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Victoria, Australia.
- 2 Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
A Two-Stage Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Spirooxazine Photochromic Dyes
Mark York123, Adriana Edenharter1
View abstract
- 1CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, Vic. 3169, Australia.
- 2Cooperative Research Centre for Polymers, Notting Hill, Vic. 3168, Australia.
- 3Advanced Polymerik Pty Ltd, Notting Hill, Vic. 3168, Australia.
Synthesis of an H3 Antagonist via Sequential One-Pot Additions of a Magnesium Ate Complex and an Amine to a 1,4-Ketoester followed by Carbonyl-Directed Fluoride Addition
Joel M. Hawkins, Pascal Dubé, Mark T. Maloney, Lulin Wei. Marcus Ewing, Stephen M. Chesnut, Joshua R. Denette, Brett M. Lillie, Rajappa Vaidyanathan
View abstract
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Groton, USA
Scale-Up of Flow-Assisted Synthesis of C2-Symmetric Chiral PyBox Ligands
Claudio Battilocchio1,3, Marcus Baumann1, Ian R. Baxendale1, Mariangela Biava3, Matthew O. Kitching1, Steven V. Ley1, Rainer E. Martin*2, Stephan A. Ohnmacht2, Nicholas D. C. Tappin1
View abstract
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
- 2F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Basel, Switzerland
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Synthesis of a Drug-Like Focused Library of Trisubstituted Pyrrolidines Using Integrated Flow Chemistry and Batch Methods
Marcus Baumann1, Ian R. Baxendale1, Steven V. Ley1, Christoph Kuratli2, Rainer E. Martin2, Josef Schneider2
View abstract
- 1Innovative Technology Centre, University of Cambridge, U.K.
- 2F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
Synthesis of (+)-Dumetorine and Congeners by Using Flow Chemistry Technologies
Elena Riva2, Anna Rencurosi1, Stefania Gagliardi1, Daniele Passarella2, Marisa Martinelli1*
View abstract
- 1NiKem Research S.r.l., Milan, Italy
- 2Università degli Studi di Milano,Milan, Italy
Preparation of fluoxetine by multiple flow processing steps
Batoul Ahmed-Omer, Adam J. Sanderson
View abstract
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd.
- Lilly Research Centre, UK.
Diastereoselective Chain-Elongation Reactions Using Microreactors for Applications in Complex Molecule Assembly
Catherine F. Carter1, Heiko Lange1, Daiki Sakai2, Ian R. Baxendale1, Steven V. Ley1
View abstract
- 1Innovative Technology Centre, University of Cambridge, UK, CB2 1EW, UK
- 2Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
A fully automated, multistep flow synthesis of 5-amino-4-cyano-1,2,3-triazoles
Catherine J. Smith, Nikzad Nikbin, Steven V. Ley, Heiko Lange, Ian R. Baxendale
View abstract
- Innovative Technology Centre, Cambridge, UK
A breakthrough method for the accurate addition of reagents in multi-step segmented flow processing
Heiko Lange1, Catherine F. Carter1, Mark D. Hopkin1, Adrian Burke2, Jon G. Goode2, Ian R. Baxendale1, Steven V. Ley1
View abstract
- 1Innovative Technology Centre, University of Cambridge, UK
- 2Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK
One-Flow, Multistep Synthesis of Nucleosides by Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Glycosylation
Adam Sniady, Matthew W. Bedore, Timothy F. Jamison
View abstract
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc., Cambridge, USA MIT, Cambridge, USA
Safe and Reliable Synthesis of Diazoketones and Quinoxalines in a Continuous Flow Reactor
Laetitia J. Martin1, Andreas L. Marzinzik1, Steven V. Ley2, Ian R. Baxendale2
View abstract
- 1Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- 2Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
Preparation of arylsulfonyl chlorides by chlorosulfonylation of in situ generated diazonium salts using a continuous flow reactor
Laia Malet-Sanz, Julia Madrzak, Steven V.Ley, Ian R.Baxendale
View abstract
- Innovative Technology Centre, University of Cambridge
Synthesis of Highly Substituted Nitropyrrolidines, Nitropyrrolizines and Nitropyrroles via Multicomponent-Multistep Sequences within a Flow Reactor
Marcus Baumann, Ian R. Baxendale, Andreas Kirschning, Steven V. Ley*, Jens Wegner
View abstract
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
Flow synthesis of tricyclic spiropiperidines as building blocks for the histrionicotoxin family of alkaloids
Malte Brasholz1, Brian A. Johnson2, James M. Macdonald1, Anastasios Polyzos1, John Tsanaktsidis1, Simon Saubern1, Andrew B. Holmes1,2, John H. Ryan1
View abstract
- 1CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Victoria, Australia
- 2School of Chemistry, Bio 21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
The application of flow microreactors to the preparation of a family of casein kinase I inhibitors
Francesco Venturoni, Nikzad Nikbin, Steven V. Ley, Ian R. Baxendale
View abstract
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
A highly efficient flow reactor process for the synthesis of N-Boc-3,4-dehydro-l-proline methyl ester
Lucia Tamborini, Paola Conti, Andrea Pinto, Carlo De Micheli
View abstract
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche ‘Pietro Pratesi’,
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
Multi-Step Synthesis by Using Modular Flow Reactors: The Preparation of YneOnes and Their Use in Heterocycle Synthesis
Ian R. Baxendale1, Søren C. Schou2, Jörg Sedelmeier1, Steven V. Ley1
View abstract
- 1ITC, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
- 2LEO Pharma, Medicinal Chemistry Research, Denmark
Multistep Synthesis Using Modular Flow Reactors: Bestmann-Ohira Reagent for the Formation of Alkynes and Triazoles
Ian R. Baxendale1, Steven V. Ley1, Andrew C. Mansfield2, Christopher D. Smith1
View abstract
- 1ITC, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge,
- 2Pfizer Global R&D Research Centre, Sandwich, (UK)
Efficient Continuous Flow Synthesis of Hydroxamic Acids and Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Preparation
E. Riva1, S. Gagliardi2, Caterina Mazzoni2, M. Martinelli2, D. Passarella1, D. Vigo2, A. Rencurosi2
View abstract
- 1Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
- 2NiKem Research S.r.l., Milan, Italy
Tagged phosphine reagents to assist reaction work-up by phase-switched scavenging using a modular flow reactor
Christopher D. Smith, Ian Baxendale, Geoffrey Tranmer, Marcus Baumann, Stephen Smith, Russell Lewthwaite, Steven V. Ley
View abstract
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
A flow process for the multi-step synthesis of the alkaloid natural product oxomaritidine: a new paradigm for molecular assembly
Ian R. Baxendale, Jon Deeley, Charlotte M. Griffiths-Jones, Steven V. Ley, Steen Saaby, Geoffrey K. Tranmer
View abstract
- Innovative Technology Centre, University of Cambridge
Application Notes regarding Multistep synthesis
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