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Sustainability in chemistry is characterized by the development and implementation of chemical processes, materials, and technologies that are designed to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Increasing concerns regarding global pollution and the depletion of natural resources have emphasized the urgency with which the environmental and health impacts of chemical production must be mitigated. Within this context, considerable advantages are offered by enabling technologies such as flow chemistry, as more efficient and environmentally benign approaches to the synthesis of fine chemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be provided.
In this doctoral research, the development of sustainable and efficient continuous flow protocols for the synthesis of high-value compounds was pursued, in accordance with the principles of green chemistry and the circular economy. Continuous flow technology was leveraged for both enzymatic and chemical catalysis, and in-line purification and work-up steps were integrated to minimize waste and reduce the need for downstream processing.
Sustainable flow protocols were established for the synthesis of phenolic derivatives specifically amides and esters with potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and radical-scavenging activities. In addition, flow-biocatalysis was employed for the synthesis of riparin-inspired amides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Continuous flow methods were also developed for the synthesis of sugar-based surfactants, with particular focus given to overcoming the limitations of conventional batch processes, including the use of harsh conditions, low selectivity, and high energy demands.
Special attention was directed toward the valorization of dairy by-products such as glucose and galactose for the production of surfactants, thereby supporting circular economy strategies. Furthermore, a six-month industrial placement was undertaken at Olon SpA, a global pharmaceutical company, during which the feasibility of converting a batch process into a continuous process for the production of a key intermediate in the synthesis of an anti-cancer drug was assessed.
The potential benefits of continuous manufacturing such as increased efficiency, cost reduction, and improved product quality were evaluated, while challenges related to equipment adaptation, process control, and regulatory compliance were also identified. Overall, contributions were made toward the advancement of sustainable chemical manufacturing through the proposal of innovative methodologies for the synthesis of bioactive compounds and surfactants. Additionally, issues of scalability and environmental impact were addressed, promoting the broader adoption of greener technologies in both academic and industrial sectors.
- Pecora, D
- Università degli Studi di Milano
