Nucleophilic aromatic substitution, also known as SNAr, occurs when a nucleophile displaces a halide (or another suitable leaving group) on an aromatic ring. It is commonly used within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries to install aliphatic and aromatic amines onto an aromatic ring.
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Learn moreCrystallization is a fundamental technique in organic synthesis, widely used for the purification and isolation of organic compounds. This method exploits the differences in solubility of substances in a particular solvent or solvent mixture.
Learn moreElectrosynthesis is performed by passing an electric current through a reagent solution, causing oxidation and reduction of organic molecules by addition or removal of electrons. Electrosynthesis has a number of advantages...
Learn moreBiocatalysis specialises in the use of enzymes to perform chemical transformations - enzymatic reactions - and is often promoted as being cheaper, cleaner and more environmentally friendly than ‘traditional’ organic chemistry.
Learn moreGood Manufacturing Practice (GMP) is a critical framework in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in the manufacture of APIs, ensuring that APIs meet the required quality standards for their intended use, i.e. the safety, efficacy, and quality of the final products.
Learn moreGreen chemistry is also known as sustainable chemistry. It is a collection of practices guided by the twelve principles of green chemistry. The aim is to design chemical products and processes to reduce their environmental impact.
Learn moreThe Grignard reaction is the addition of an organomagnesium halide (Grignard reagent) to an electrophilic substrate, typically a ketone or aldehyde to form a tertiary or secondary alcohol, respectively. The reaction with formaldehyde leads to a primary alcohol.
Learn moreHydrogenation is the chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen, H2, and another compound or element. There is usually a metal catalyst present, such as palladium, nickel or platinum, which serves to ‘activate’ the hydrogen gas, so it is in a chemically accessible state.
Learn moreLibrary synthesis is a method used in chemistry and biochemistry to create a large collection of different but structurally related compounds. It involves the systematic and automated assembly of a variety of chemical structures, which can be rapidly screened for desirable properties.
Learn moreLithiation is a process where an atom within a molecule, usually a proton or halogen, is replaced with lithium, generating an organolithium species. Within organic synthesis, the most commonly used organolithiums contain C–Li, N–Li and O–Li bonds.
Learn moreMachine learning (ML)'s application to organic synthesis reaction optimization is a powerful technology that leverages vast amounts of data to predict outcomes, identify patterns, and suggest optimal conditions for chemical reactions, enhancing efficiency and innovation.
Learn moreMetal catalysis exploits a transition metal to effect a particular chemical transformation that may not be readily available without the metal present, and has become well-established as a key means for bond-forming processes in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical and industrial materials industries.
Learn moreMetal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline materials characterized by their highly porous structures. They are composed of metal ions or clusters coordinated to organic ligands, creating an extensive network. The synthesis and diverse applications of MOFs have cre...
Learn moreMultistep synthesis is a chemical strategy for creating a molecule by using multiple chemical reactions to convert one set of starting materials into the desired final compound.
Learn moreNanoparticle synthesis refers to the creation of nanoparticles. A Nanoparticle is defined as a particle between 1 and 100 nanometres in size. Nanoparticles can be derived from larger molecules (top-down approach) or obtained by nucleating atomic-sized materials (bottom-up approac...
Learn moreDiscovered in 1834, the nitration of benzene has become a stalwart of chemical synthesis. However, the requirement of both fuming nitric and concentrated sulfuric acid or glacial acetic acid, and the strong exotherm generated during reaction, mean safety considerations are paramount.
Learn moreOxidation, as defined by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, must fulfil the following two criteria: the complete, net removal of one or more electrons from a molecular entity and an increase in the oxidation number of any atom within any substrate.
Learn moreOzonolysis is a chemical reaction in which ozone (O3) is used as an oxidizing agent to convert alkene and alkyne functional groups into organic compounds containing carbonyl groups. It is considered to be a green oxidation route.
Learn moreThe main advantages of photochemical reactions in flow over batch are: consistent light penetrations, controlled exposure times, precise temperature control and removal of the photochemical products from the irradiated area.
Learn morePhotochemistry is the area of science exploring the effects of light on organic and inorganic molecules. The wavelengths of interest in photochemistry are UV (100 – 400 nm), visible light (400 – 750 nm) and Infrared light (750 – 2500 nm).
Learn morePolymer synthesis, also called polymerisation, is the process by which monomers are joined together covalently to form a polymer. There is growing interest in various “Living Free Radical Polymer synthesis” techniques (in which supply of reagents can be used to control th...
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Learn moreOligonucleotide synthesis is a chemical process used to create short sequences of nucleotides; the building blocks of DNA and RNA. This technique enables the production of precise and custom-designed oligonucleotides for applications in molecular biology, medicine, and biotechnology.
Learn morePeptide synthesis is a process that produces peptides. Peptides are organic molecules consisting of between 2 and 50 amino acids linked by peptide (amide) bonds. Many natural processes produce peptides.
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